{
  "provider": "Mullvad",
  "assessment": {
    "files": [
      "data_assess/mullvad.json"
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Mullvad About / ownership and history",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/about"
      },
      {
        "title": "No-logging of user activity policy",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy"
      },
      {
        "title": "Privacy policy",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy"
      },
      {
        "title": "Swedish legislation relevant to Mullvad",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/swedish-legislation"
      },
      {
        "title": "Government-request handling policy",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-we-handle-government-requests-user-data"
      },
      {
        "title": "Pricing",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing"
      },
      {
        "title": "Refund policy",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/refunds"
      },
      {
        "title": "Live server inventory",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers"
      },
      {
        "title": "Server architecture",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/server-list"
      },
      {
        "title": "Why WireGuard / Mullvad WireGuard implementation details",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/why-wireguard"
      },
      {
        "title": "Official WireGuard cryptography documentation",
        "url": "https://www.wireguard.com/"
      },
      {
        "title": "Mullvad CLI guide",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-use-mullvad-cli"
      },
      {
        "title": "DNS over HTTPS / TLS and VPN DNS explanation",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls"
      },
      {
        "title": "2023 police search-warrant disclosure",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2023/4/20"
      },
      {
        "title": "2024 Cure53 infrastructure audit",
        "url": "https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2024_v1.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "2024 X41 application audit",
        "url": "https://www.x41-dsec.de/static/reports/X41-Mullvad-Audit-Public-Report-2024-12-10.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "2025 Assured web application assessment",
        "url": "https://www.assured.se/publications/Assured_Mullvad_Web_App_Pentest_2025.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "2026 X41 account/payment audit",
        "url": "https://www.x41-dsec.de/static/reports/X41-Mullvad-Audit-Public-Report-2026-01-20.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "2026 Assured GotaTun code review",
        "url": "https://www.assured.se/publications/Assured_Mullvad_GotaTun_Code_Review_2026.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "2026 Android MASA assessment",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2026-security-assessment-of-our-android-app"
      },
      {
        "title": "May 2026 Android VPN bypass",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/blog/any-app-on-recent-android-versions-can-leak-certain-traffic"
      },
      {
        "title": "May 2026 exit-IP fingerprinting disclosure",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/blog/exit-ip-fingerprinting-between-vpn-servers"
      },
      {
        "title": "September 2026 Android VPN bypass disclosure",
        "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/blog/another-way-to-leak-traffic-on-android-has-been-discovered"
      }
    ],
    "sections": [
      {
        "title": "Síntese da avaliação",
        "content": "For a threat model centered on hiding traffic from an ISP, securing hostile-network usage, minimizing the VPN provider's retained identity data, torrenting without inbound-port requirements, or bypassing network censorship, Mullvad is an unusually compelling choice. It is less compelling for users who need port forwarding, very broad geographic coverage, polished streaming-specific functionality, 24/7 live-chat support, or inexpensive multi-year promotions.",
        "source_path": "comparison_ready_summary.headline",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "language": "en-US"
      },
      {
        "title": "Pontos fortes identificados",
        "content": [
          "Exceptional identity minimization: no email, username or password required for account creation.",
          "Strong anonymous/pseudonymous payment choices including mailed cash and Monero.",
          "No retained traffic, DNS, source-IP, session-duration or per-user bandwidth logs under the published policy.",
          "Entire VPN relay fleet runs from RAM without persistent storage.",
          "No virtual servers or virtual locations; rented relays are dedicated physical machines.",
          "Very transparent live server inventory including provider, ownership, status, location and capacity metadata.",
          "Long independent-audit record covering client code, relay infrastructure, account/payment systems, web services, Android and GotaTun.",
          "WireGuard-only direction reduces legacy protocol complexity and attack surface.",
          "Modern anti-censorship stack incorporating QUIC, LWO, Shadowsocks and UDP-over-TCP fallbacks.",
          "DAITA provides an uncommon attempt to address encrypted-traffic fingerprinting rather than assuming encryption alone defeats traffic analysis.",
          "Excellent measured WireGuard throughput in recent independent testing.",
          "The 2023 police search provides a real operational data point supporting Mullvad's claim that useful historical customer activity data is not sitting on office systems waiting to be seized.",
          "Strong first-party Linux and CLI support.",
          "Simple and predictable €5/month pricing with no renewal-price trap."
        ],
        "source_path": "strengths",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "language": "en-US"
      },
      {
        "title": "Limitações identificadas",
        "content": [
          "No port forwarding, which is a significant limitation for inbound P2P, self-hosting, some homelab workflows and applications that benefit from unsolicited inbound connections.",
          "Five-device simultaneous-connection limit is lower than providers offering ten or unlimited devices.",
          "Network footprint is physically honest but smaller than major mass-market VPN competitors; the current official inventory spans 50 countries and 91 cities.",
          "Email-only conventional support with no live chat or telephone channel.",
          "Flat pricing becomes relatively expensive for customers comparing against heavily discounted multi-year introductory VPN plans.",
          "Split tunneling is not universally available across all supported operating systems; the current independent matrix lists Windows, Linux and Android.",
          "Streaming support has improved substantially but remains less reliable than streaming-oriented competitors for some services/regions.",
          "Swedish jurisdiction means a real legal system with search/seizure and lawful targeted-surveillance powers still applies; no VPN jurisdiction is a substitute for data minimization or endpoint security.",
          "Non-anonymous payment methods can leave identifiable records with Stripe, PayPal, banks, Swish or app stores, and statutory accounting information may have multi-year retention requirements.",
          "The May 2026 exit-IP fingerprinting issue illustrates that even non-logging VPN designs can expose statistical cross-session linkability through network architecture. Mullvad announced a remediation, but completion status was not verified in this research.",
          "Android currently has serious OS-level VPN-bypass caveats. The September 2026 disclosure is particularly relevant to users facing malicious local applications because the bypass can work without special app permission and beneath Android's VPN firewall.",
          "Documentation can contain stale protocol references: an official January 2026 CLI guide still mentions OpenVPN in a DNS context even though the service formally removed OpenVPN, and Tom's August 2026 review also retained OpenVPN in its specification table."
        ],
        "source_path": "weaknesses",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "language": "en-US"
      },
      {
        "title": "Divergências nas fontes",
        "content": [
          {
            "topic": "OpenVPN",
            "finding": "Primary official announcement says OpenVPN was fully removed on 2026-01-15, while some later documentation/reviews still list it. This report treats OpenVPN as unsupported."
          },
          {
            "topic": "Server count",
            "finding": "Tom's Guide counted 578 servers in August 2026; Mullvad's live inventory showed 563 on the research date. The difference is consistent with a dynamic fleet and is not treated as a contradiction."
          },
          {
            "topic": "Refund exclusions",
            "finding": "Simplified pricing material emphasizes the 14-day guarantee, but the current dedicated refund page clarifies that cash, cryptocurrency and vouchers are excluded and Apple refunds must go through Apple. The current refund page controls this report."
          },
          {
            "topic": "Warrant canary",
            "finding": "No current traditional canary was identified; status is therefore marked unspecified rather than none."
          },
          {
            "topic": "IP-space ownership",
            "finding": "Hardware ownership is disclosed per relay, but exact ownership of every exit-IP prefix was not established. It is marked unspecified rather than assuming Owned server means Mullvad-owned IP space."
          },
          {
            "topic": "May 2026 exit-IP fingerprinting remediation",
            "finding": "Mullvad announced a revised exit-IP assignment algorithm and rollout, but this research did not verify completion across the entire fleet."
          },
          {
            "topic": "Current post-quantum KEM details",
            "finding": "Default quantum-resistant operation is confirmed, but the exact current KEM implementation was not sufficiently established in the reviewed current sources and is therefore marked unspecified."
          }
        ],
        "source_path": "research_metadata.known_source_conflicts_or_tensions",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "language": "en-US"
      }
    ],
    "date": "2026-09-11",
    "url": "/assessments/mullvad.json"
  },
  "values": {
    "security": {
      "kill_switch": {
        "value": true,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-use-mullvad-cli",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.16",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Built in."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-use-mullvad-cli",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": true,
          "status": "provider_claim",
          "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/using-mullvad-vpn-app",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "Documentado pelo fornecedor; confirmar o comportamento na aplicação utilizada. Mullvad: guia de desktop."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "Incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Corta o acesso à internet se a ligação à VPN falhar, para evitar expor o teu endereço IP.",
          "tone": "yes"
        }
      },
      "split_tunneling": {
        "value": true,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.18",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Supported on Windows, Linux and Android according to the current independent platform matrix."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": true,
          "status": "provider_claim",
          "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/using-mullvad-vpn-app",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "Disponibilidade e configuração podem variar por plataforma e plano."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "Incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Permite escolher que aplicações passam pela VPN e quais usam a ligação normal. O suporte varia por sistema.",
          "tone": "yes"
        }
      },
      "port_forwarding": {
        "value": false,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.4",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Mullvad removed forwarded-port support in 2023; current pricing explicitly says port forwarding is unavailable."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": false,
          "status": "provider_claim",
          "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/vpn",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "O fornecedor informa que não disponibiliza encaminhamento de portas."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "Não incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Permite receber ligações do exterior. Pode ser útil para partilha P2P ou serviços próprios; nem todos os planos o incluem.",
          "tone": "no"
        }
      },
      "multi_hop": {
        "value": true,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.2",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Routes traffic through an entry relay and then an exit relay. Mullvad introduced expanded Multihop modes in August 2026. Exact names/settings of every new mode were not fully extracted in this research."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Encaminha a ligação através de mais de um servidor VPN. Acrescenta uma camada de separação, mas pode reduzir a velocidade.",
          "tone": "yes"
        }
      },
      "obfuscation": {
        "value": true,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.12",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Used to disguise WireGuard traffic in restrictive networks."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Tenta tornar o tráfego VPN menos reconhecível em redes que o bloqueiam.",
          "tone": "yes"
        }
      }
    },
    "platform_support": {
      "number_of_simultaneous_devices": {
        "value": "5 per account.",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "apps_and_platform_support.simultaneous_devices",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": 5,
          "status": "provider_claim",
          "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/vpn",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "Limite anunciado; confirmar o plano aplicável. Proton VPN: até 10 no plano correspondente."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "5 dispositivos",
          "detail": "Por conta, em simultâneo.",
          "help": "Quantos dispositivos podem usar a mesma conta ao mesmo tempo.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      }
    },
    "pricing": {
      "monthly_price": {
        "value": "5 EUR / 1 month",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "pricing_and_plans.pricing_table.0",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Single flat rate rather than tiered or promotional plans. Mullvad charges €5 per month including VAT regardless of whether time is purchased month-by-month or in bulk."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": "5,00 €/mês",
          "status": "supplied_research",
          "source": "/research-summary.json",
          "source_file": "data2.json",
          "source_path": "primary_research_notes.Mullvad",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "Informação importada da pesquisa fornecida. As referências originais são identificadores de outra sessão; os respetivos URLs não estão incluídos no ficheiro."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "5 EUR / 1 mês",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Preço do plano mensal. Confirma impostos e condições no checkout.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "refund_policy": {
        "value": {
          "period": "14 days for eligible payment methods.",
          "eligible": [
            "credit/debit card",
            "PayPal",
            "Google Play",
            "Swish",
            "eligible European SEPA bank wire"
          ],
          "not_covered": [
            "Apple App Store purchases, which are handled by Apple",
            "cash",
            "cryptocurrency",
            "vouchers"
          ],
          "note": "The current August 2026 refund page is more precise than older simplified statements saying only cash was excluded."
        },
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/refunds",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "pricing_and_plans.refund_policy",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/refunds",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "14 dias para pedir reembolso",
          "detail": "Exclusões indicadas: numerário, criptomoedas, vouchers. Outras condições podem aplicar-se.",
          "help": "Prazo e condições para pedir o dinheiro de volta. Renovações, lojas de aplicações e métodos de pagamento podem ter regras diferentes.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "1_year_price": {
        "value": "60 EUR / 1 year",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "pricing_and_plans.pricing_table.1",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Single flat rate rather than tiered or promotional plans. Mullvad charges €5 per month including VAT regardless of whether time is purchased month-by-month or in bulk."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/pricing",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "60 EUR / 1 ano",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Custo do período anual. O preço de renovação pode ser superior ao preço inicial.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      }
    },
    "privacy": {
      "anonymous_account_possible": {
        "value": {
          "email_required": false,
          "username_required": false,
          "password_required": false,
          "phone_required": false,
          "identifier": "A randomly generated numbered account.",
          "stored_account_fields": "Account number and expiry/time remaining. WireGuard configuration data additionally associates the account with a WireGuard public key and tunnel address.",
          "analysis": "This is unusually strong minimization because a user can establish service without providing a conventional identity credential. The account number effectively functions as a bearer credential, so protecting it is operationally important. The latter point is an inference from Mullvad's account design."
        },
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "privacy_policy_and_logging.account_creation",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": true,
          "status": "supplied_research",
          "source": "/research-summary.json",
          "source_file": "data2.json",
          "source_path": "primary_research_notes.Mullvad",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "Informação importada da pesquisa fornecida. As referências originais são identificadores de outra sessão; os respetivos URLs não estão incluídos no ficheiro."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "Conta por número",
          "detail": "Não exige email, nome de utilizador ou palavra-passe.",
          "help": "Indica que dados pessoais são necessários para criar conta. O método de pagamento também influencia a privacidade.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "no_logs_policy": {
        "value": "Mullvad states that it never stores user-activity logs. Its published policy explicitly excludes traffic contents, DNS queries, source IP addresses, VPN connection timestamps and durations, bandwidth usage tied to a user and similar account activity.",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "privacy_policy_and_logging.overall_policy",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "previous_value": {
          "value": true,
          "status": "supplied_research",
          "source": "/research-summary.json",
          "source_file": "data2.json",
          "source_path": "primary_research_notes.Mullvad",
          "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
          "note": "Informação importada da pesquisa fornecida. As referências originais são identificadores de outra sessão; os respetivos URLs não estão incluídos no ficheiro."
        },
        "display": {
          "title": "Sem registos de atividade declarados",
          "detail": "A política exclui, entre outros, tráfego, consultas DNS e histórico de ligações.",
          "help": "Uma política de não registar atividade de navegação. Podem continuar a existir dados de conta, pagamento ou diagnóstico.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      }
    },
    "infrastructure": {
      "total_servers": {
        "value": 563,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "server_infrastructure.total_servers",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Official live server inventory. Counts fluctuate and should not be interpreted as a fixed contractual number."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "563",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "total_countries": {
        "value": 50,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "server_infrastructure.countries",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Official live server inventory. Counts fluctuate and should not be interpreted as a fixed contractual number."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "50",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "physical_vs_virtual_servers": {
        "value": {
          "physical_servers": "All Mullvad VPN servers are physical systems according to Mullvad.",
          "virtual_servers": "none",
          "virtual_locations": "none",
          "location_claim": "Mullvad states that each server is physically located in the country/city where it is listed; apparent geolocation mismatches can be caused by stale GeoIP databases."
        },
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "server_infrastructure.physical_vs_virtual",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Official live server inventory. Counts fluctuate and should not be interpreted as a fixed contractual number."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Localizações físicas",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Uma localização virtual oferece um IP de um país, mas o equipamento pode estar noutro.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "owned_vs_rented_servers": {
        "value": {
          "owned": "Some hardware is owned by Mullvad, which says it has physical control over those machines.",
          "rented": "Other relays are dedicated rented physical servers. Mullvad states that rented VPN servers are not shared with other customers.",
          "disclosure": "The public server inventory exposes whether a server is owned or rented, its hosting/provider identity, location, status and advertised link capacity."
        },
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "server_infrastructure.ownership_models",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Official live server inventory. Counts fluctuate and should not be interpreted as a fixed contractual number."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Infraestrutura com diferentes modelos",
          "detail": "Consulta a fonte para distinguir equipamento próprio e contratado.",
          "help": "Distingue equipamento próprio de servidores contratados a terceiros.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "ram_only_servers": {
        "value": "All VPN relays run from RAM and have no persistent storage.",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "server_infrastructure.storage_model",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Official live server inventory. Counts fluctuate and should not be interpreted as a fixed contractual number."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/servers",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Incluído",
          "detail": "Servidores sem armazenamento persistente.",
          "help": "Servidores que trabalham sem guardar dados num disco persistente. Isto não substitui uma política de privacidade sólida.",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      }
    },
    "jurisdiction": {
      "parent_company": {
        "value": "Amagicom AB.",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/about",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "company_background_and_ownership.parent_company",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/about",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Amagicom AB.",
          "detail": "",
          "help": "",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "company_ownership": {
        "value": "Mullvad VPN AB and parent Amagicom AB are 100% owned by founders Fredrik Strömberg and Daniel Berntsson, who Mullvad says remain actively involved in the company.",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/about",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "company_background_and_ownership.ownership",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/about",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Detida pelos fundadores",
          "detail": "Fredrik Strömberg e Daniel Berntsson detêm a Mullvad e a empresa-mãe Amagicom.",
          "help": "",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      },
      "country": {
        "value": "Sweden, with EU/EEA privacy regulation applicable.",
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "legal_jurisdiction_and_applicable_laws.jurisdiction",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Suécia",
          "detail": "Aplica-se também o enquadramento de privacidade da UE/EEE.",
          "help": "",
          "tone": "neutral"
        }
      }
    },
    "support": {
      "live_chat": {
        "value": false,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "customer_support.live_chat",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [],
        "sources": [],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Não incluído",
          "detail": "",
          "help": "",
          "tone": "no"
        }
      }
    },
    "protocols": {
      "wireguard": {
        "value": true,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/why-wireguard",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.0",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Primary and current VPN tunnel protocol."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/help/why-wireguard",
            "title": "Fonte indicada na avaliação"
          }
        ],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Protocolo VPN moderno, concebido para ser simples e eficiente. O desempenho depende da rede e da implementação.",
          "tone": "yes"
        }
      },
      "openvpn": {
        "value": false,
        "status": "deep_research",
        "source": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "source_file": "data_assess/mullvad.json",
        "source_path": "feature_matrix.1",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-11",
        "note": "Avaliação aprofundada fornecida; não verificada de forma independente pelo comparavpn.pt.",
        "context": [
          {
            "label": "Nota da avaliação",
            "value": "Removed on 2026-01-15."
          }
        ],
        "sources": [],
        "assessment_url": "/assessments/mullvad.json",
        "display": {
          "title": "Não incluído",
          "detail": "Pode variar por plano ou plataforma. Consulta as condições.",
          "help": "Protocolo VPN amplamente utilizado. A disponibilidade depende da aplicação e do fornecedor.",
          "tone": "no"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}